Resources

Recommended Training Courses:

We now run courses dedicated to helping neonatologists, paediatricians, nurse practitioners, ultrasonographers and even cardiologists build on their skills in neonatal echocardiography.

Details on our courses can be found here

A number of other courses are available:

Echocardiography for Neonatologists,
Bristolhttp://www.bevtsai.com/echo%20course.html

Paediatric and Neonatal Echocardiography, Cambridge
http://www.cambridgeperinatalgroup.org/courses/paediatric-and-neonatal-echocardiography-course-2012.aspx

Echocardiography in Congenital Heart Disease
http://www.rbht.nhs.uk/healthprofessionals/clinical-departments/paediatrics/morphology/echocardiography-in-chd-june-2011/

European Echocardiography Courseon Congenital Heart Disease
http://www.echocardiography-course.com/dr-jan-marek.php

Hand On Cardiac Morphology, Great Ormond Street
http://www.gosh.nhs.uk/working-here/courses-and-conferences/find-an-event/hands-on-cardiac-morphology-feb/

Teeside Neonatal Cardiology and Haemodynamics
http://www.neonatalcardiology.co.uk

Links to Other Organisations (External):

ASE Guidelines:
A Comprehensive Guideline to the Why? When? and How? of Neonatal Echo

Other Organisations:
Evelina Children’s Heart organisation:
http://www.echo-evelina.org.uk/

Relevant Papers & References:

Hopefully the following information is both relevant and valuable in the development and undertstanding of neonatal echocardiography.

Echo Reviews
Review articles on circulatory function

Papers - Echo Reviews:

Dorfman, AL, Levine, JC, Colan, SD, et al. (2005). "Accuracy of echocardiography in low birth weight infants with congenital heart diseas e." Pediatrics115(1): 102-107.
Evans, N (2000). "Echocardiography on neonatal intensive care units in Australia and New Zealand." J Paediatr Child Health36(2): 169-171.
Evans, N (2002). "Echocardiographic misdiagnosis and ultrasound skills." J Paediatr Child Health38(1): 107-108; discussion 108-110.
Evans, N (2003). "Current controversies in the diagnosis and treatment of patent ductus arteriosus in preterm infants." Adv Neonatal Care3(4): 168-177.
Evans, N, Gournay, V, Cabanas, F, et al. (2011). "Point-of-care ultrasound in the neonatal intensive care unit: international perspectives." Semin Fetal Neonatal Med16(1): 61-68. S1744-165X(10)00055-7 [pii]
10.1016/j.siny.2010.06.005
Evans, N, Kluckow, M, Simmons, M, et al. (2002). "Which to measure, systemic or organ blood flow? Middle cerebral artery and superior vena cava flow in very preterm infants." Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed87(3): F181-184.
Evans, N and Malcolm, G (2000). Practical echocardiography for the neonatologist. Two interactive multimedia CD-ROMs. Sydney, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital.
Groves, AM, Kuschel, CA, Knight, DB, et al. (2005). "Cardiorespiratory stability during echocardiography in preterm infants." Arch Dis Child90(1): 86-87.
Groves, AM, Kuschel, CA and Skinner, JR (2006). "International Perspectives: The Neonatologist as an Echocardiographer." Neoreviews7(8): e391-399.
Hruda, J, Rothuis, EG, van Elburg, RM, et al. (2003). "Echocardiographic assessment of preload conditions does not help at the neonatal intensive care unit." Am J Perinatol20(6): 297-303.
Katumba-Lunyenya, JL (2002). "Neonatal/infant echocardiography by the non-cardiologist: a personal practice, past, present, and future." Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed86(1): F55-57.
Kluckow, M, Seri, I and Evans, N (2007). "Functional echocardiography: an emerging clinical tool for the neonatologist." J Pediatr150(2): 125-130. S0022-3476(06)01021-3 [pii]
10.1016/j.jpeds.2006.10.056
Lopez, L, Colan, SD, Frommelt, PC, et al. (2010). "Recommendations for quantification methods during the performance of a pediatric echocardiogram: a report from the Pediatric Measurements Writing Group of the American Society of Echocardiography Pediatric and Congenital Heart Disease Council." J Am Soc Echocardiogr23(5): 465-495; quiz 576-467. S0894-7317(10)00266-X [pii]
10.1016/j.echo.2010.03.019
McNamara, PJ and Sehgal, A (2007). "Towards rational management of the patent ductus arteriosus: the need for disease staging." Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed92(6): F424-427. 92/6/F424 [pii]
10.1136/adc.2007.118117
Mertens, L, Seri, I, Marek, J, et al. (2011). "Targeted neonatal echocardiography in the neonatal intensive care unit: practice guidelines and recommendations for training: Writing group of the American Society of Echocardiography (ASE) in collaboration with the European Association of Echocardiography (EAE) and the Association for European Pediatric Cardiologists (AEPC)." Eur J Echocardiogr12(10): 715-736. jer181 [pii]
10.1093/ejechocard/jer181
Moss, S, Kitchiner, DJ, Yoxall, CW, et al. (2003). "Evaluation of echocardiography on the neonatal unit." Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed88(4): F287-289; discussion F290-281.
Osborn, DA, Evans, N and Kluckow, M (2004). "Clinical detection of low upper body blood flow in very premature infants using blood pressure, capillary refill time, and central-peripheral temperature difference." Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed89(2): F168-173.
Sehgal, A and McNamara, PJ (2008). "Does point-of-care functional echocardiography enhance cardiovascular care in the NICU?" J Perinatol28(11): 729-735. jp2008100 [pii]
10.1038/jp.2008.100
Sehgal, A and McNamara, PJ (2009). "Does echocardiography facilitate determination of hemodynamic significance attributable to the ductus arteriosus?" Eur J Pediatr168(8): 907-914. 10.1007/s00431-009-0983-3
Skinner, JR, Alverson, D and Hunter, S (2000). Echocardiography for the Neonatologist. London, Churchill Livingstone.
Su, BH, Watanabe, T, Shimizu, M, et al. (1997). "Echocardiographic assessment of patent ductus arteriosus shunt flow pattern in premature infants." Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed77(1): F36-40.
Ward, CJ and Purdie, J (2001). "Diagnostic accuracy of paediatric echocardiograms interpreted by individuals other than paediatric cardiologists." J Paediatr Child Health37(4): 331-336.
Wren, C (2003). "Commentary on Moss et al, 'Evaluation of Echocardiography on the neonatal unit', Arch Dis Child Fetal and Neonatal Ed 2003;88:F287-90." Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed88: F290-291.

Functional Echo Measures
Articles describing how to make quantitative measurements

Papers - Functional Echo Measures:

Alverson, DC, Eldridge, M, Dillon, T, et al. (1982). "Noninvasive pulsed Doppler determination of cardiac output in neonates and children." J Pediatr101(1): 46-50.
Alverson, DC, Eldridge, MW, Johnson, JD, et al. (1984). "Noninvasive measurement of cardiac output in healthy preterm and term newborn infants." Am J Perinatol1(2): 148-151.
Barlow, AJ, Ward, C, Webber, SA, et al. (2004). "Myocardial contractility in premature neonates with and without patent ductus arteriosus." Pediatr Cardiol25(2): 102-107.
Chew, MS and Poelaert, J (2003). "Accuracy and repeatability of pediatric cardiac output measurement using Doppler: 20-year review of the literature." Intensive Care Med29(11): 1889-1894.
Claflin, KS, Alverson, DC, Pathak, D, et al. (1988). "Cardiac output determinations in the newborn. Reproducibility of the pulsed Doppler velocity measurement." J Ultrasound Med7(6): 311-315.
Clyman, RI, Roman, C, Heymann, MA, et al. (1999). "Left ventricle output and mean arterial blood pressure in preterm infants during the 1st day of life." Pediatr Res158(10): 817-824.
Colan, SD, Borow, KM and Neumann, A (1984). "Left ventricular end-systolic wall stress-velocity of fiber shortening relation: a load-independent index of myocardial contractility." J Am Coll Cardiol4(4): 715-724.
Coskun, S, Yuksel, H, Bilgi, Y, et al. (2001). "Non-invasive evaluation of the adaptations of cardiac function in the neonatal period: a comparison of healthy infants delivered by vaginal route and caesarean section." Acta Med Okayama55(4): 213-218.
Ekici, F, Atalay, S, Ozcelik, N, et al. (2007). "Myocardial tissue velocities in neonates." Echocardiography24(1): 61-67.
Evans, N and Iyer, P (1995). "Longitudinal changes in the diameter of the ductus arteriosus in ventilated preterm infants: correlation with respiratory outcomes." Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed72(3): F156-161.
Evans, N and Kluckow, M (1996). "Early determinants of right and left ventricular output in ventilated preterm infants." Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed74(2): F88-94.
Evans, N and Kluckow, M (1996). "Early ductal shunting and intraventricular haemorrhage in ventilated preterm infants." Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed75(3): F183-186.
Evans, N, Kluckow, M, Simmons, M, et al. (2002). "Which to measure, systemic or organ blood flow? Middle cerebral artery and superior vena cava flow in very preterm infants." Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed87(3): F181-184.
Evans, NJ and Archer, LN (1990). "Postnatal circulatory adaptation in healthy term and preterm neonates." Arch Dis Child65(1): 24-26.
Gill, AB and Weindling, AM (1993). "Echocardiographic assessment of cardiac function in shocked very low birthweight infants." Arch Dis Child68(1): 17-21.
Groves, AM, Kuschel, CA, Knight, DB, et al. (2008). "The relationship between blood pressure and blood flow in newborn preterm infants." Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed93(1): F29-32.
Groves, AM, Kuschel, CA, Knight, DB, et al. (2005). "Cardiorespiratory stability during echocardiography in preterm infants." Arch Dis Child90(1): 86-87.
Groves, AM, Kuschel, CA, Knight, DB, et al. (2008). "Does retrograde diastolic flow in the descending aorta signify impaired systemic perfusion in preterm infants?" Pediatr Res63(1): 89-94.
Groves, AM, Kuschel, CA, Knight, DB, et al. (2008). "Echocardiographic assessment of blood flow volume in the SVC and descending aorta in the newborn infant." Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed93(1): F24-28.
Groves, AM, Kuschel, CA and Skinner, JR (2006). "International Perspectives: The Neonatologist as an Echocardiographer." Neoreviews7(8): e391-399.
Gulati, VK, Katz, WE, Follansbee, WP, et al. (1996). "Mitral annular descent velocity by tissue Doppler echocardiography as an index of global left ventricular function." Am J Cardiol77(11): 979-984.
Hatle, L (1985). "Assessment of aortic blood flow velocities with continuous wave Doppler ultrasound in the neonate and young child." J Am Coll Cardiol5(1 Suppl): 113S-119S.
Hudson, I, Houston, A, Aitchison, T, et al. (1990). "Reproducibility of measurements of cardiac output in newborn infants by Doppler ultrasound." Arch Dis Child65(1 Spec No): 15-19.
Hunt, RW, Evans, N, Rieger, I, et al. (2004). "Low superior vena cava flow and neurodevelopment at 3 years in very preterm infants." J Pediatr145(5): 588-592.
Iwashima, S, Seguchi, M and Ohzeki, T (2005). "Left ventricular diastolic performance in neonates." Circ J69(9): 1094-1098. JST.JSTAGE/circj/69.1094 [pii]
Kluckow, M and Evans, N (1995). "Early echocardiographic prediction of symptomatic patent ductus arteriosus in preterm infants undergoing mechanical ventilation." J Pediatr127(5): 774-779.
Kluckow, M and Evans, N (1996). "Relationship between blood pressure and cardiac output in preterm infants requiring mechanical ventilation." J Pediatr129(4): 506-512.
Kluckow, M and Evans, N (2000). "Low superior vena cava flow and intraventricular haemorrhage in preterm infants." Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed82(3): F188-194.
Kluckow, M and Evans, N (2000). "Superior vena cava flow in newborn infants: a novel marker of systemic blood flow." Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed82(3): F182-187.
Kluckow, M and Evans, N (2001). "Low systemic blood flow and hyperkalemia in preterm infants." J Pediatr139(2): 227-232.
Lee, A, Liestol, K, Nestaas, E, et al. (2010). "Superior vena cava flow: feasibility and reliability of the off-line analyses." Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed95(2): F121-125. adc.2009.176883 [pii]
10.1136/adc.2009.176883
Lopez, L, Colan, SD, Frommelt, PC, et al. (2010). "Recommendations for quantification methods during the performance of a pediatric echocardiogram: a report from the Pediatric Measurements Writing Group of the American Society of Echocardiography Pediatric and Congenital Heart Disease Council." J Am Soc Echocardiogr23(5): 465-495; quiz 576-467. S0894-7317(10)00266-X [pii]
10.1016/j.echo.2010.03.019
McNamara, PJ and Sehgal, A (2007). "Towards rational management of the patent ductus arteriosus: the need for disease staging." Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed92(6): F424-427. 92/6/F424 [pii]
10.1136/adc.2007.118117
Mellander, M and Larsson, LE (1988). "Effects of left-to-right ductus shunting on left ventricular output and cerebral blood flow velocity in 3-day-old preterm infants with and without severe lung disease." J Pediatr113(1 Pt 1): 101-109.
Mertens, L, Seri, I, Marek, J, et al. (2011). "Targeted neonatal echocardiography in the neonatal intensive care unit: practice guidelines and recommendations for training: Writing group of the American Society of Echocardiography (ASE) in collaboration with the European Association of Echocardiography (EAE) and the Association for European Pediatric Cardiologists (AEPC)." Eur J Echocardiogr12(10): 715-736. jer181 [pii]
10.1093/ejechocard/jer181
Mohan, UR, Britto, J, Habibi, P, et al. (2002). "Noninvasive measurement of cardiac output in critically ill children." Pediatr Cardiol23(1): 58-61.
Molicki, J, Dekker, I, de Groot, Y, et al. (2000). "Cerebral blood flow velocity wave form as an indicator of neonatal left ventricular heart function." Eur J Ultrasound12(1): 31-41.
Murase, M, Ishida, A and Momota, T (2002). "Serial pulsed Doppler assessment of early left ventricular output in critically ill very low-birth-weight infants." Pediatr Cardiol23(4): 442-448.
Nestaas, E, Stoylen, A, Brunvand, L, et al. (2009). "Tissue Doppler derived longitudinal strain and strain rate during the first 3 days of life in healthy term neonates." Pediatr Res65(3): 357-362.
Nestaas, E, Stoylen, A, Sandvik, L, et al. (2007). "Feasibility and reliability of strain and strain rate measurement in neonates by optimizing the analysis parameters settings." Ultrasound Med Biol33(2): 270-278. S0301-5629(06)01800-X [pii]
10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2006.08.006
Osborn, DA (2005). "Diagnosis and treatment of preterm transitional circulatory compromise." Early Hum Dev81(5): 413-422.
Osborn, DA, Evans, N and Kluckow, M (2004). "Clinical detection of low upper body blood flow in very premature infants using blood pressure, capillary refill time, and central-peripheral temperature difference." Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed89(2): F168-173.
Osborn, DA, Evans, N, Kluckow, M, et al. (2007). "Low superior vena cava flow and effect of inotropes on neurodevelopment to 3 years in preterm infants." Pediatrics120(2): 372-380.
Phillipos, EZ, Robertson, MA and Byrne, PJ (1996). "Serial assessment of ductus arteriosus hemodynamics in hyaline membrane disease." Pediatrics98(6 Pt 1): 1149-1153.
Pladys, P, Wodey, E, Beuchee, A, et al. (1999). "Left ventricle output and mean arterial blood pressure in preterm infants during the 1st day of life." Eur J Pediatr158(10): 817-824.
Rowland, DG and Gutgesell, HP (1995). "Noninvasive assessment of myocardial contractility, preload, and afterload in healthy newborn infants." Am J Cardiol75(12): 818-821.
Sarnari, R, Kamal, RY, Friedberg, MK, et al. (2009). "Doppler assessment of the ratio of the systolic to diastolic duration in normal children: relation to heart rate, age and body surface area." J Am Soc Echocardiogr22(8): 928-932. S0894-7317(09)00438-6 [pii]
10.1016/j.echo.2009.05.004
Sehgal, A and McNamara, PJ (2008). "Does point-of-care functional echocardiography enhance cardiovascular care in the NICU?" J Perinatol28(11): 729-735. jp2008100 [pii]
10.1038/jp.2008.100
Shimada, S, Kasai, T, Hoshi, A, et al. (2003). "Cardiocirculatory effects of patent ductus arteriosus in extremely low-birth-weight infants with respiratory distress syndrome." Pediatr Int45(3): 255-262.
Shimada, S, Kasai, T, Konishi, M, et al. (1994). "Effects of patent ductus arteriosus on left ventricular output and organ blood flows in preterm infants with respiratory distress syndrome treated with surfactant." J Pediatr125(2): 270-277.
Skelton, R, Gill, AB and Parsons, JM (1998). "Reference ranges for cardiac dimensions and blood flow velocity in preterm infants." Heart80(3): 281-285.
Skinner, JR, Boys, RJ, Heads, A, et al. (1996). "Estimation of pulmonary arterial pressure in the newborn: study of the repeatability of four Doppler echocardiographic techniques." Pediatr Cardiol17(6): 360-369.
Skinner, JR, Hunter, S and Hey, EN (1996). "Haemodynamic features at presentation in persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn and outcome." Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed74(1): F26-32.
Suzumura, H, Nitta, A, Tanaka, G, et al. (2001). "Diastolic flow velocity of the left pulmonary artery of patent ductus arteriosus in preterm infants." Pediatr Int43(2): 146-151.
Takahashi, Y, Harada, K, Ishida, A, et al. (1994). "Left ventricular preload reserve in preterm infants with patent ductus arteriosus." Arch Dis Child71(2): F118-121.
Takahashi, Y, Harada, K, Kishkurno, S, et al. (2004). "Myocardial contractility in premature neonates with and without patent ductus arteriosus." Pediatr Cardiol25(2): 102-107.
Tortoli, P, Bambi, G, Guidi, F, et al. (2002). "Toward a better quantitative measurement of aortic flow." Ultrasound Med Biol28(2): 249-257.
Toyono, M, Harada, K, Takahashi, Y, et al. (1998). "Maturational changes in left ventricular contractile state." Int J Cardiol64(3): 247-252.
Tsai-Goodman, B, Martin, RP, Marlow, N, et al. (2001). "The repeatability of echocardiographic determination of right ventricular output in the newborn." Cardiol Young11(2): 188-194.
Tsai-Goodman, B, Thorne, G, Whittingham, TA, et al. (1999). "Development of a system to record cardiac output continuously in the newborn." Pediatr Res46(5): 621-625.
Walther, FJ, Benders, MJ and Leighton, JO (1997). "Postnatal left ventricular contractility in very low birth weight infants." J Pediatr18(2): 112-117.
Walther, FJ, Siassi, B, King, J, et al. (1985). "Normal values of aortic root measurements in neonates." Pediatr Cardiol6(2): 61-63.
Walther, FJ, Siassi, B, King, J, et al. (1986). "Echocardiographic measurements in normal preterm and term neonates." Acta Paediatr Scand75(4): 563-568.
Walther, FJ, Siassi, B, Ramadan, NA, et al. (1985). "Pulsed Doppler determinations of cardiac output in neonates: normal standards for clinical use." Pediatrics76(5): 829-833.
Walther, FJ, Siassi, B and Wu, PY (1986). "Echocardiographic measurement of left ventricular stroke volume in newborn infants: a correlative study with pulsed Doppler and M-mode echocardiography." J Clin Ultrasound14(1): 37-41.
Winberg, P, Jansson, M, Marions, L, et al. (1989). "Left ventricular output during postnatal circulatory adaptation in healthy infants born at full term." Arch Dis Child64(10 Spec No): 1374-1378.
Wodey, E, Pladys, P, Betremieux, P, et al. (1998). "Capillary refilling time and hemodynamics in neonates: a Doppler echocardiographic evaluation." Crit Care Med26(8): 1437-1440.

Use of Inotropes
Reviews & original papers on inotropic intervention

Papers - Use of Inotropes:

Batton, B, Zhu, X, Fanaroff, J, et al. (2009). "Blood pressure, anti-hypotensive therapy, and neurodevelopment in extremely preterm infants." J Pediatr154(3): 351-357, 357 e351. S0022-3476(08)00782-8 [pii]
10.1016/j.jpeds.2008.09.017
Dasgupta, SJ and Gill, AB (2003). "Hypotension in the very low birthweight infant: the old, the new, and the uncertain." Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed88(6): F450-454.
Evans, JR, Lou Short, B, Van Meurs, K, et al. (2006). "Cardiovascular support in preterm infants." Clin Ther28(9): 1366-1384. S0149-2918(06)00213-X [pii]
10.1016/j.clinthera.2006.09.006
Evans, N, Osborn, D and Kluckow, M (2000). "Mechanism of blood pressure increase induced by dopamine in hypotensive preterm neonates." Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed83(1): F75-76.
Greisen, G (2005). "Autoregulation of cerebral blood flow in newborn babies." Early Hum Dev81(5): 423-428.
Klarr, JM, Faix, RG, Pryce, CJ, et al. (1994). "Randomized, blind trial of dopamine versus dobutamine for treatment of hypotension in preterm infants with respiratory distress syndrome." J Pediatr125(1): 117-122.
Kuint, J, Barak, M, Morag, I, et al. (2009). "Early treated hypotension and outcome in very low birth weight infants." Neonatology95(4): 311-316. 000180113 [pii]
10.1159/000180113
Munro, MJ, Walker, AM and Barfield, CP (2004). "Hypotensive extremely low birth weight infants have reduced cerebral blood flow." Pediatrics114(6): 1591-1596.
Osborn, D, Evans, N and Kluckow, M (2002). "Randomized trial of dobutamine versus dopamine in preterm infants with low systemic blood flow." J Pediatr140(2): 183-191.
Osborn, DA (2005). "Diagnosis and treatment of preterm transitional circulatory compromise." Early Hum Dev81(5): 413-422.
Osborn, DA and Evans, N (2001). "Early volume expansion for prevention of morbidity and mortality in very preterm infants." Cochrane Database Syst Rev(4): CD002055.
Osborn, DA and Evans, N (2001). "Early volume expansion versus inotrope for prevention of morbidity and mortality in very preterm infants." Cochrane Database Syst Rev(2): CD002056.
Osborn, DA, Evans, N and Kluckow, M (2007). "Left ventricular contractility in extremely premature infants in the first day and response to inotropes." Pediatr Res61(3): 335-340.
Osborn, DA, Evans, N, Kluckow, M, et al. (2007). "Low superior vena cava flow and effect of inotropes on neurodevelopment to 3 years in preterm infants." Pediatrics120(2): 372-380.
Paradisis, M, Evans, N, Kluckow, M, et al. (2009). "Randomized trial of milrinone versus placebo for prevention of low systemic blood flow in very preterm infants." J Pediatr154(2): 189-195. S0022-3476(08)00672-0 [pii]
10.1016/j.jpeds.2008.07.059
Pellicer, A, Valverde, E, Elorza, MD, et al. (2005). "Cardiovascular support for low birth weight infants and cerebral hemodynamics: a randomized, blinded, clinical trial." Pediatrics115(6): 1501-1512.
Perez, CA, Reimer, JM, Schreiber, MD, et al. (1986). "Effect of high-dose dopamine on urine output in newborn infants." Crit Care Med14(12): 1045-1049.
Roze, JC, Tohier, C, Maingueneau, C, et al. (1993). "Response to dobutamine and dopamine in the hypotensive very preterm infant." Arch Dis Child69(1 Spec No): 59-63.
Seri, I (2001). "Circulatory support of the sick preterm infant." Semin Neonatol6(1): 85-95.
Seri, I, Abbasi, S, Wood, DC, et al. (1998). "Regional hemodynamic effects of dopamine in the sick preterm neonate." J Pediatr133(6): 728-734.
Seri, I, Abbasi, S, Wood, DC, et al. (2002). "Regional hemodynamic effects of dopamine in the indomethacin-treated preterm infant." J Perinatol22(4): 300-305.
Seri, I, Rudas, G, Bors, Z, et al. (1993). "Effects of low-dose dopamine infusion on cardiovascular and renal functions, cerebral blood flow, and plasma catecholamine levels in sick preterm neonates." Pediatr Res34(6): 742-749.
Seri, I, Tan, R and Evans, J (2001). "Cardiovascular effects of hydrocortisone in preterm infants with pressor-resistant hypotension." Pediatrics107(5): 1070-1074.
Short, BL, Van Meurs, K and Evans, JR (2006). "Summary proceedings from the cardiology group on cardiovascular instability in preterm infants." Pediatrics117(3 Pt 2): S34-39.
Subhedar, NV (2003). "Treatment of hypotension in newborns." Semin Neonatol8(6): 413-423.
Subhedar, NV and Shaw, NJ (2003). "Dopamine versus dobutamine for hypotensive preterm infants." Cochrane Database Syst Rev(3): CD001242. 10.1002/14651858.CD001242
Valverde, E, Pellicer, A, Madero, R, et al. (2006). "Dopamine versus epinephrine for cardiovascular support in low birth weight infants: analysis of systemic effects and neonatal clinical outcomes." Pediatrics117(6): e1213-1222.
Zhang, J, Penny, DJ, Kim, NS, et al. (1999). "Mechanisms of blood pressure increase induced by dopamine in hypotensive preterm neonates." Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed81(2): F99-F104.

PDAs
Systematic approaches to assessing & treating PDA

Papers - Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA):

Alverson, DC, Eldridge, M, Aldrich, M, et al. (1984). "Effect of patent ductus arteriosus on lower extremity blood flow velocity patterns in preterm infants." Am J Perinatol1(3): 216-222.
Alverson, DC, Eldridge, MW, Johnson, JD, et al. (1983). "Effect of patent ductus arteriosus on left ventricular output in premature infants." J Pediatr102(5): 754-757.
Armstrong, DL, Teele, RL, Kuschel, CA, et al. (2001). "The use of renal Doppler ultrasonography to diagnose patent ductus arteriosus in preterm infants." J Ultrasound Med20(9): 1005-1010.
Benitz, WE (2010). "Treatment of persistent patent ductus arteriosus in preterm infants: time to accept the null hypothesis?" J Perinatol30(4): 241-252. jp20103 [pii]
10.1038/jp.2010.3
Benjamin, JR, Smith, PB, Cotten, CM, et al. (2010). "Long-term morbidities associated with vocal cord paralysis after surgical closure of a patent ductus arteriosus in extremely low birth weight infants." J Perinatol30(6): 408-413. jp2009124 [pii]
10.1038/jp.2009.124
Bhandari, V, Zhou, G, Bizzarro, MJ, et al. (2009). "Genetic contribution to patent ductus arteriosus in the premature newborn." Pediatrics123(2): 669-673. 123/2/669 [pii]
10.1542/peds.2008-1117
Clyman, RI and Chorne, N (2007). "Patent ductus arteriosus: evidence for and against treatment." J Pediatr150(3): 216-219. S0022-3476(07)00010-8 [pii]
10.1016/j.jpeds.2006.12.048
Cotton, RB (1987). "The relationship of symptomatic patent ductus arteriosus to respiratory distress in premature newborn infants." Clin Perinatol14(3): 621-633.
Dani, C, Bertini, G, Reali, MF, et al. (2000). "Prophylaxis of patent ductus arteriosus with ibuprofen in preterm infants." Acta Paediatr89(11): 1369-1374.
Dollberg, S, Lusky, A and Reichman, B (2005). "Patent ductus arteriosus, indomethacin and necrotizing enterocolitis in very low birth weight infants: a population-based study." J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr40(2): 184-188. 00005176-200502000-00019 [pii]
Drayton, MR and Skidmore, R (1987). "Ductus arteriosus blood flow during first 48 hours of life." Arch Dis Child62(10): 1030-1034.
Evans, N (1993). "Diagnosis of patent ductus arteriosus in the preterm newborn." Arch Dis Child68(1 Spec No): 58-61.
Evans, N (2003). "Current controversies in the diagnosis and treatment of patent ductus arteriosus in preterm infants." Adv Neonatal Care3(4): 168-177.
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Excellent series of review articles in Pediatric Research (published 2018) by Willem de Boode and his Special Interest Group in Neonatologist Performed Echocardiography:

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